Erebus

Fact library / Countries

Countries of Europe

45 countries in Europe, each with a picture to fix its place, shape or name in your memory.

The one with the sea in it

Slovenia, capital Ljubljana, has a short Adriatic coastline, while similarly named Slovakia is landlocked.

Picture it

Two twins: Slovakia and Slovenia. Only SloVENia gets to visit Venice, because she has a tiny nose that just touches the Adriatic sea. Her home city is full of love: Ljubljana, where "ljub" means love.

Memory hooks

  • Slovenia: Slo-VEN-ia is next to VENice, by the sea (sound-alike)
  • Ljubljana: "lyoo-BLYAH-na": ljub = love (sound-alike)

Say it: Ljubljana (lyoo·BLYAH·na)

The croissant on the Adriatic

Croatia's crescent shape wraps around Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its coastal region of Dalmatia gave its name to the Dalmatian dog.

Picture it

A giant CROissant curls around the top and side of Bosnia, its tip dipping into the Adriatic. Spotted Dalmatian dogs in neckties run up and down the croissant's long coastal edge.

Memory hooks

  • Croatia: CRO-atia curls like a CROissant (shape)
  • Dalmatia: spotted dogs running down the coast (visual association)

The bunch of grapes between two neighbours

Moldova is a landlocked country between Romania and Ukraine, famous for its wine, with its capital at Chișinău.

Picture it

A huge bunch of grapes, shaped just like the country, is squeezed between Romania and Ukraine. Some of the grapes have gone MOLDY ("mol-DOH-va"). A cat in the capital sneezes: "KEE-shee-NOW!"

Memory hooks

  • Moldova: a grape bunch going mouldy (sound-alike)
  • Chișinău: "kee-shee-NOW": a cat sneezing (sound-alike)

Say it: Chișinău (kee·shee·NOW)

The boot that kicks a football

Italy is the boot-shaped peninsula in the Mediterranean, with its capital at Rome.

Picture it

A giant leather BOOT wades into the Mediterranean, its toe about to kick a rocky football: the island of Sicily. Up at the top of the boot's shin, a Roman centurion is ROAMING around in circles.

Memory hooks

  • Italy: a boot about to kick Sicily (shape)
  • Rome: a centurion roaming around (sound-alike)

The last port before the ocean

Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and its capital is Lisbon.

Picture it

At the very western edge of Europe, a sailor stands in the last PORT before the open Atlantic. He tries to shout goodbye, but he has a LISP: "LISP-BON voyage!"

Memory hooks

  • Portugal: the last PORT before the Atlantic (sound-alike)
  • Lisbon: a lisping sailor: "Lisp-bon voyage!" (sound-alike)

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No way through the fjords

Norway has a long, jagged coastline cut by deep fjords, and its capital is Oslo.

Picture it

A Viking tries to sail straight along the coast, but every few metres the sea cuts deep into the cliffs. "NOR WAY through!" he groans, and rows so slowly his crew sing "Oh, SLO-w."

Memory hooks

  • Norway: "No way through" the fjords (sound-alike)
  • Oslo: rowing "oh, slow" (sound-alike)

Smoky bay at the top of the world

Iceland is a volcanic island in the North Atlantic; its capital, Reykjavík, is the world's northernmost national capital.

Picture it

On an island of ice and volcanoes, steam rises from hot springs all around a little bay. A Viking wrinkles his nose: "It REEKS!" So he names the place REEK-ya-vik, "smoky bay", the most northern capital on Earth.

Memory hooks

  • Iceland: an island of ice and steaming volcanoes (visual association)
  • Reykjavík: "it REEKS!": steam over the smoky bay (sound-alike)

Say it: Reykjavík (RAKE·ya·veek)

The black pool

Ireland is an island country west of Great Britain whose capital, Dublin, takes its name from the Irish "Dubh Linn", meaning black pool.

Picture it

On a green island west of Britain, a Viking peers into a BLACK POOL where a river meets the sea. In Irish that's "DUBH LINN", and the town that grew around it is DUBLIN.

Memory hooks

  • Ireland: the green island west of Britain (visual association)
  • Dublin: "Dubh Linn": the black pool (sound-alike)

A hand full of islands

Greece sits at the southern tip of the Balkans with thousands of islands, and its capital Athens is named after the goddess Athena.

Picture it

A giant HAND reaches down into the Mediterranean, fingers splayed, with thousands of islands scattered like spilled olives. In its palm stands the goddess ATHENA, guarding her city: ATHENS.

Memory hooks

  • Greece: a splayed hand with island olives spilled around it (shape)
  • Athens: Athena guarding her city (narrative)

The tiara across the strait

Albania lies on the Adriatic and Ionian seas across the narrow Strait of Otranto from Italy, and its capital is Tirana.

Picture it

ALL BANANAS! A Balkan queen stands on the coast just across a narrow strait from Italy's heel, wearing a sparkling TIARA ("ti-RAH-na") made of bananas.

Memory hooks

  • Albania: "All bananas!" (sound-alike)
  • Tirana: a queen's banana tiara (sound-alike)

Say it: Tirana (ti·RAH·na)

The black mountain

Montenegro, whose name means "black mountain", is a small Balkan country on the Adriatic with its capital at Podgorica.

Picture it

A huge BLACK MOUNTAIN looms over the Adriatic: "monte NEGRO", black mountain. At its foot a gardener pulls up a POD of peas that GORGEs on rich soil: Pod-GOR-itsa.

Memory hooks

  • Montenegro: monte + negro = black mountain (chunking)
  • Podgorica: a pea pod gorging on soil (sound-alike)

Say it: Podgorica (POD·gor·eet·sa)

The white city where rivers meet

Serbia is a landlocked Balkan country whose capital, Belgrade ("white city"), stands where the Sava meets the Danube.

Picture it

A waiter SERVES ("SERB-ia") two rivers on a tray: the Sava and the mighty Danube, poured together into a gleaming WHITE castle city. "Your BELL, sir, is GRAND": Bel-GRADE.

Memory hooks

  • Serbia: a waiter serving two rivers (sound-alike)
  • Belgrade: a white castle city where two rivers meet (visual association)

Sofia on the sofa

Bulgaria is a Balkan country with a Black Sea coast, and its capital is Sofia.

Picture it

A strong man with BULGING muscles ("BULG-aria") lounges on the Black Sea beach. He carries a comfy SOFA inland, where his friend SOFIA flops down on it.

Memory hooks

  • Bulgaria: a bulging strongman on the Black Sea beach (sound-alike)
  • Sofia: Sofia on the sofa (sound-alike)

Booked a rest in the mountains

Romania's Carpathian Mountains curve around the region of Transylvania, and its capital is Bucharest.

Picture it

The Carpathian Mountains curl around like an arm hugging a dark forest: Transylvania, where Dracula ROAMS ("ROAM-ania"). Exhausted, he's BOOKED A REST in the capital: BUCHA-REST.

Memory hooks

  • Romania: Dracula roaming Transylvania (sound-alike)
  • Bucharest: Dracula has booked a rest (sound-alike)

Two cities, one hungry river

Hungary is a landlocked Central European country whose capital, Budapest, was formed in 1873 by joining Buda and Pest across the Danube.

Picture it

A HUNGRY river, the Danube, flows between two towns: hilly BUDA on one bank and flat PEST on the other. In 1873 the river gulps them both down into one city: BUDAPEST.

Memory hooks

  • Hungary: a hungry river (sound-alike)
  • Budapest: Buda + Pest, joined across the Danube (chunking)

No kangaroos in the Alps

Austria is a landlocked Alpine country in Central Europe, with its capital at Vienna.

Picture it

A tourist arrives in the Alps looking for kangaroos and is told: "No, no: this is AUSTRIA, no -ALIA!" To cheer up, he eats a VIENNA sausage while a waltz plays.

Memory hooks

  • Austria: Austria, not Australia: no kangaroos (sound-alike)
  • Vienna: a Vienna sausage and a waltz (visual association)

The bear city, not the banks

Switzerland is a landlocked Alpine country whose federal city, effectively its capital, is Bern rather than Zurich or Geneva.

Picture it

In the snowy Alps, a cuckoo clock strikes noon and a BEAR pops out instead of a bird. Everyone expects the capital to be busy Zurich or Geneva, but the bear growls: "It's BERN!"

Memory hooks

  • Switzerland: a cuckoo clock in the Alps (visual association)
  • Bern: a bear pops out of the clock (visual association)

Landlocked twice over

Liechtenstein, a tiny principality between Switzerland and Austria, is one of only two doubly landlocked countries; the other is Uzbekistan.

Picture it

A tiny prince lives in a LIGHT STONE castle ("LIKHT-en-shtine") squeezed between Switzerland and Austria. To reach the sea he'd have to cross two whole countries. His only rival: a man in Uzbekistan with the same problem.

Memory hooks

  • Liechtenstein: a light-stone castle (sound-alike)
  • Uzbekistan: his rival with the same two-countries-to-the-sea problem (narrative)

Say it: Liechtenstein (LIKHT·en·shtine)

The last grand duchy

Luxembourg, a small country between Belgium, France and Germany, is the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy.

Picture it

A LUXURY castle ("LUX-embourg") sits on a cliff between Belgium, France and Germany. Inside, a very GRAND DUKE sits on a velvet throne, the last one left in the world.

Memory hooks

  • Luxembourg: a luxury castle on a cliff (sound-alike)
  • grand duchy: the last grand duke on a velvet throne (visual association)

Sprouts for the whole of Europe

Belgium is a small country on the North Sea whose capital, Brussels, hosts the main institutions of the European Union.

Picture it

A BELL rings ("BEL-gium") and diplomats from all over Europe sit down to dinner. On every plate: a mountain of BRUSSELS sprouts.

Memory hooks

  • Belgium: a bell calling diplomats to dinner (sound-alike)
  • Brussels: Brussels sprouts on every EU plate (visual association)

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The thumb pointing at Norway

Denmark consists of the Jutland peninsula and many islands, and its capital is Copenhagen.

Picture it

A great Danish thumb, the Jutland peninsula, sticks up out of Germany, pointing north. On an island just off it, a COPPER HEN lays shiny eggs: COPEN-HAGEN.

Memory hooks

  • Denmark: a thumb sticking up out of Germany (shape)
  • Copenhagen: a copper hen (sound-alike)

The biggest of the three

Lithuania is the largest and southernmost of the three Baltic states, with its capital at Vilnius.

Picture it

Three Baltic sisters stand in a row, from north to south. The LITTLE one ("LITH-uania") is a joke: she's actually the biggest, at the bottom. She plays her VILLAIN role: VIL-nius.

Memory hooks

  • Lithuania: the "little" sister who's actually the biggest, at the bottom (narrative)
  • Vilnius: she plays the villain (sound-alike)

The oil rig in the middle

Latvia is the middle of the three Baltic states, with its capital Riga on the Gulf of Riga.

Picture it

The middle Baltic sister stands with her arms around a deep gulf, where a huge oil RIG ("REE-ga") sits in the water. She LATCHES onto it ("LAT-via") so it can't float away.

Memory hooks

  • Latvia: the sister latching onto the rig (sound-alike)
  • Riga: an oil rig in the gulf (sound-alike)

The tall inn across from Finland

Estonia is the northernmost Baltic state, and its capital Tallinn lies across the Gulf of Finland from Helsinki.

Picture it

The top Baltic sister ESTablishes a TALL INN on the shore, so tall that guests on the roof can wave to Helsinki just across the Gulf of Finland.

Memory hooks

  • Estonia: she establishes an inn (sound-alike)
  • Tallinn: a tall inn waving to Helsinki (sound-alike)

The capital with two neighbours at the door

Slovakia is a landlocked Central European country; its capital, Bratislava, is the only national capital that borders two other countries, Austria and Hungary.

Picture it

Landlocked Slovakia hosts a party in BRATISLAVA, a city full of rowdy BRATS. They're so loud that both neighbours knock at once: Austria on one side, Hungary on the other.

Memory hooks

  • Slovakia: landlocked, unlike sea-touching Slovenia (narrative)
  • Bratislava: a city full of noisy brats (sound-alike)

The valet below Sicily

Malta is a small island country in the Mediterranean south of Sicily, with its capital at Valletta.

Picture it

Just south of Sicily, three little islands float in the Mediterranean like spilled MALTESERS. A smartly dressed VALET ("va-LET-a") parks the boats in the harbour.

Memory hooks

  • Malta: islands like spilled Maltesers (sound-alike)
  • Valletta: a valet parking boats (sound-alike)

The frying pan in the eastern sea

Cyprus, the third-largest island in the Mediterranean, lies in its far east, with its capital at Nicosia.

Picture it

In the far eastern Mediterranean, a FRYING PAN with a long handle pointing at Syria floats on the waves. A CYPRESS tree grows from it, and a NICE chef named NICK ("Nick-oh-SEE-a") cooks there.

Memory hooks

  • Cyprus: a frying pan with its handle pointing northeast (shape)
  • Nicosia: nice Nick the chef (sound-alike)

A country inside a city

Vatican City, home of the Pope, is the world's smallest country at about 0.44 km², and it lies entirely inside the city of Rome.

Picture it

In the middle of Rome, the Pope opens his front door, takes three steps and is already in another country. His whole kingdom fits inside the city walls, small enough to walk around before his VAT of tea goes cold.

Memory hooks

  • Vatican City: a whole country inside Rome's walls (visual association)
  • Vatican: a VAT of tea that's still hot after the walk around (sound-alike)

Four nations under one umbrella

The United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, with its capital at London.

Picture it

Four friends share one big umbrella off the northwest coast of Europe: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It's raining, of course. They meet for tea under Big Ben in LONDON, where the rain goes "LON-DON, LON-DON" on the canvas.

Memory hooks

  • United Kingdom: four nations under one umbrella (visual association)
  • London: rain drumming "LON-DON" on the umbrella (sound-alike)

Europe's breadbasket

Ukraine is the largest country entirely within Europe, famed for its wheat and sunflowers, and its capital is Kyiv on the Dnipro River.

Picture it

A huge field of golden wheat and sunflowers stretches across Eastern Europe, the biggest farm on the continent. In the middle, a baker shouts "KEEV!" as he pulls a loaf from his Kyiv oven, right beside the wide Dnipro river.

Memory hooks

  • Ukraine: Europe's biggest field of wheat and sunflowers (visual association)
  • Kyiv: a baker shouting "KEEV!" at the oven (sound-alike)

A capital on stepping stones

Sweden is the largest country in Scandinavia, and its capital Stockholm is built across 14 islands.

Picture it

In Scandinavia, a giant hops across fourteen stepping-stone islands, each one STOCKED with flat-pack furniture: the city of STOCK-holm. Behind him, the long country stretches up toward the Arctic.

Memory hooks

  • Stockholm: islands STOCKED with flat-pack furniture (sound-alike)
  • 14: fourteen stepping-stone islands (number hook)

The bull in the middle

Spain covers most of the Iberian Peninsula, and its capital Madrid sits near the peninsula's geographic centre.

Picture it

A bull stands dead in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and he's MAD: everyone keeps waving red capes at him. So they build a capital right where he stands: MAD-rid.

Memory hooks

  • Madrid: a MAD bull at the dead centre (sound-alike)
  • Iberian Peninsula: the bull standing in the middle of it (visual association)

The republic on the titan's mountain

San Marino is a tiny republic completely surrounded by Italy, perched on Monte Titano, and claims to be the world's oldest surviving republic.

Picture it

In the hills of northern Italy, a TITAN sits on a mountaintop wearing three stone towers as a crown. A SAINT in a MARINE uniform guards his ancient republic, which he's run since the year 301.

Memory hooks

  • San Marino: a SAINT in a MARINE uniform (sound-alike)
  • Monte Titano: a TITAN on the mountain (sound-alike)

Eleven alarm clocks

Russia is the world's largest country, spanning 11 time zones, and its capital is Moscow.

Picture it

Stretching from Europe all the way to the Pacific, the biggest country on Earth has eleven alarm clocks going off one after another, all night long. At the western end, a sleepy cow in MOSS-covered boots says "MOSS-COW" and goes back to bed.

Memory hooks

  • 11: eleven alarm clocks across one country (number hook)
  • Moscow: a cow in MOSS-covered boots (sound-alike)

The war saw on the river

Poland lies on the North European Plain between Germany and Belarus, and its capital Warsaw stands on the Vistula River.

Picture it

On the flat plains of Central Europe, a lumberjack drags a giant WAR SAW along the banks of the VISTULA river, cutting the country's capital out of the forest: WARSAW.

Memory hooks

  • Warsaw: a lumberjack's WAR SAW (sound-alike)
  • Vistula: the river the saw follows (visual association)

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The country under the waterline

About a quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level, held back by dykes, and its capital is Amsterdam.

Picture it

Windmills pump and pump to keep the sea out, because a quarter of this flat country lies NETHER, meaning below, the waterline. A bored boy plugs a leak in the dyke with his finger and shouts: "I AM STERDAM!"

Memory hooks

  • Netherlands: NETHER means below: land below the sea (sound-alike)
  • Amsterdam: the boy at the DAM shouting "I AM STERDAM!" (narrative)

Racing round the casino

Monaco, on the French Riviera, is the world's second-smallest country, famous for its Grand Prix and the casino in Monte Carlo.

Picture it

On the French Riviera, Formula 1 cars scream round a country so small the track is most of it. A gambler in a tuxedo shouts "MONEY! CAR-LOW!" as he loses his car at the Monte Carlo casino.

Memory hooks

  • Monte Carlo: "MONEY! CAR-LOW!" at the casino (sound-alike)
  • Monaco: a country the race track nearly fills (visual association)

The new name in the north

North Macedonia is a landlocked Balkan country that adopted its current name in 2019 after a dispute with Greece; its capital is Skopje.

Picture it

In the landlocked Balkans, a sign painter adds one word, NORTH, to the old MACEDONIA sign in 2019, settling a long row with Greece next door. Then he goes SKATING, "SKOP-yeh!", on the river in Skopje.

Memory hooks

  • North Macedonia: the word NORTH painted on in 2019 (narrative)
  • Skopje: "SKOP-yeh!": a skater on the river (sound-alike)

Say it: Skopje (SKOP·yeh)

The bear in the middle

Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, and its capital is Berlin, whose symbol is a bear.

Picture it

In the heart of Europe, a crowd of people, the most in any EU country, packs in around a big BEAR waving from the Brandenburg Gate. He's the mascot of BEAR-lin.

Memory hooks

  • Berlin: BEAR-lin: the bear on the city's crest (sound-alike)
  • Germany: the biggest crowd in the EU (visual association)

The six-sided cheese board

France is nicknamed "the Hexagon" for its roughly six-sided shape, and its capital is Paris.

Picture it

In Western Europe, a giant hexagon-shaped cheese board sits between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Right at the top, a waiter balances a PAIR of baguettes beside the Eiffel Tower: PAIR-is.

Memory hooks

  • France: a six-sided cheese board (shape)
  • Paris: a PAIR of baguettes by the Eiffel Tower (sound-alike)

A thousand lakes and a sauna

Finland is known as the land of a thousand lakes (it actually has nearly 188,000), and its capital is Helsinki.

Picture it

Between Sweden and Russia, the land is speckled with so many lakes that a fish with a FIN can swim from one end of the country to the other. On the southern coast, a sweaty man runs from a sauna yelling "HELL'S SINKY!" and jumps into the icy sea at Helsinki.

Memory hooks

  • Finland: a fish with a FIN swimming lake to lake (sound-alike)
  • Helsinki: "HELL'S SINKY!" from the sauna into the sea (sound-alike)

Checking the bridge

Czechia (the Czech Republic) is a landlocked Central European country, and its capital Prague is famous for the Charles Bridge over the Vltava River.

Picture it

A guard stands on a stone bridge lined with statues in the middle of landlocked Central Europe, CHECKing every passer-by. Asked where he is, he snaps "PRAGUE, of course," and points at the river below.

Memory hooks

  • Czechia: a guard CHECKing everyone on the bridge (sound-alike)
  • Prague: the statue-lined Charles Bridge (visual association)

Twenty kilometres of beach

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a heart-shaped Balkan country with only about 20 km of Adriatic coastline, and its capital is Sarajevo.

Picture it

A heart-shaped country in the Balkans is surrounded by Croatia, except for one tiny window: a 20 km strip of Adriatic beach at Neum. Inland, a sorry chef keeps burning dinner and apologising: "SARA, I'M SORRY" in Sarajevo.

Memory hooks

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: a heart with one tiny window to the sea (shape)
  • Sarajevo: "SARA, I'M SORRY" (sound-alike)

Say it: Sarajevo (sa·ra·YAY·vo)

The white Russian mink

Belarus, whose name means "White Rus", is a landlocked country between Poland and Russia, with its capital at Minsk.

Picture it

A landlocked forest between Poland and Russia is full of white fur: BELA means white, so it's "White Rus". In the middle, a small white MINK runs the capital: MINSK.

Memory hooks

  • Belarus: BELA = white: "White Rus" (sound-alike)
  • Minsk: a white MINK running the capital (sound-alike)

The highest capital in Europe

Andorra is a tiny country in the Pyrenees between France and Spain, and its capital Andorra la Vella is the highest capital in Europe.

Picture it

High in the Pyrenees between France and Spain, a skier squeezes into a tiny country. He looks up at Europe's highest capital, over 1,000 m up, and sighs at the climb: "AND OR-RA? LA VELLA..." in Andorra la Vella.

Memory hooks

  • Andorra: a skier squeezed between France and Spain (visual association)
  • Andorra la Vella: Europe's highest capital, over 1,000 m up (number hook)